Zwiedzając i podziwiając zabytki, bardzo często zwraca się uwagę na ich ogólny kształt. Dopiero przy większym skupieniu, jeśli jest na nie czas, dostrzega się szczegóły, które na pierwszy rzut oka umykają. A jak to wygląda w przypadku historycznych obiektów, które widzi się codziennie, obok których się mieszka? Czy wydają się one tak dobrze znane, że na ich szczegóły nie zwraca się uwagi? Ciekawe więc, czy mieszkańcy Brzegu zauważyli, że jeden z portali wejściowych do kościoła św. Mikołaja jest poprzecinany?
Wydawać by się mogło, że wykonane w portalu z piaskowca podłużne przecięcia to efekt erozji lub celowy zabieg kamieniarzy sprzed kilkuset lat. Prawda jest jednak inna. Aby poznać ich genezę, należy postarać się zrozumieć dawny świat.
Kilkaset lat temu religijność wśród europejskiego społeczeństwa znacząco różniła się od współczesnej, a przejawem tego były obrzędy i rytuały, które z dzisiejszej perspektywy mogą wydawać się pozbawione sensu lub nawet być zabawne. Pamiątki dawnych tradycji można do dziś odnaleźć w wielu wiekowych obiektach. Jedną z takich pamiątek są podłużne przecięcia znajdujące się przy wejściach do średniowiecznych kościołów w całej Europie.
Przecięcia wykonane na portalach lub murach świątyni to pozostałość po obrzędzie ostrzenia mieczy. Dawniej uważano, że biała broń, która zostanie naostrzona o ściany kościoła stanie się w pewien sposób szczególnie uświęcona i będzie lepiej ochraniać posiadającego ją rycerza lub szlachcica. W czasie wykonywania rytuału właściciel broni mógł wypowiadać specjalną formułkę, aby nadać mu pewnego sacrum.
Obrzęd ten wykonywany był w średniowieczu najczęściej w okresie Wielkiej Nocy lub podczas innych wiosennych dni, ale nie wiadomo skąd dokładnie się wywodził. W ciągu stuleci zwyczaj ten został również przejęty przez rzemieślników, którzy w ten sposób ostrzyli swoje noże. W dodatku portale wykonane z piaskowca idealnie się do tego obrzędu nadawały, ponieważ ten materiał znakomicie ostrzy szable i miecze.
Z dzisiejszej perspektywy wydawać by się mogło, że ostrzenie mieczy o ściany tak ważnego obiektu religijnego jest dewastacją, a nawet profanacją. Jednak, jak widać, dawniej do tego typu praktyk podchodzono w całkiem inny sposób. Najważniejsza w tym przypadku była sfera duchowa przejawiająca się w związku między wykorzystywanym w obrzędzie przedmiotem a uświęconymi ścianami miejsca kultu. Te niepozorne podłużne przecięcia na portalu wejściowym do kościoła św. Mikołaja są więc dziś niemym symbolem dawnych praktyk, obrzędów i zwyczajów, tak bardzo odległych dla nas, współczesnych.
Marek Pyzowski
Woher stammen die geheimnisvollen Kerben an einem Portal der Nikolaikirche in Brieg?
Wer Altertümer betrachtet und sie bewundert, der lässt sich leicht von ihrem Aussehen schlechthin fesseln. Erst bei näherem Betrachten fallen Einzelheiten ins Auge, auf die man vorher nicht geachtet hatte. Dies gilt ganz besonders für Objekte, die man täglich sieht und die sich in unmittelbarer Nachbarschaft befinden. Um so erstaunlicher ist es, dass Brieger Bürgern dennoch diese Kerben an einem Portal der Nikolaikirche aufgefallen sind.
Bild 1: Das Nordportal der Brieger Nikolaikirche von etwa 1420. Die roten Linien bezeichnen die Kerben.
Man könnte annehmen, dass die Kerben ein Ergebnis von Erosion wären oder dass der Steinmetz sie vor Jahrhunderten absichtlich geschaffen hätte. Dies trifft aber nicht zu. Wenn man es verstehen will, muss man sich in die Welt des Mittelalters zurückversetzen.
Vor Jahrhunderten unterschied sich die Form der Religiosität in Europa wesentlich von der heutigen. Daraus leiteten sich Rituale und Bräuche ab, die heute verwundern oder die sogar lächerlich wirken können. Das lässt sich an zahlreichen Objekten beobachten. Eins davon sind Kerben an Portalen mittelalterlicher Kirchen in ganz Europa.
Bild 2: Kerben an einem Portal der Nikolaikirche in Brieg
Die Kerben an den Portalen oder Kirchenmauern gehen auf den Brauch zurück Schwerter daran zu schleifen. Es herrschte der Aberglaube, dass eine an einer Kirchenmauer geschärfte blanke Waffe ihren Besitzer – Ritter oder Edelmann – in besonderer Weise beschützen möge. Zusätzlich konnte er dieses Ritual mit einem Gebet versehen und bevorzugt in der Osternacht oder ganz allgemein im Frühling ausführen. Woher der Brauch kommt, ist nicht bekannt. Er hat sich aber durch die Jahrhunderte erhalten, denn auch die Handwerker schliffen ihre Messer gern auf diese Weise. Und Sandstein, der Baustoff der Portale, eignete sich dafür ganz vorzüglich.
Bild 4: Kerben an einem Portal der Nikolaikirche in Brieg
Aus heutiger Perspektive erscheint dieses Schleifen der Säbel und Messer an einem Kirchenportal eher als Verwüstung oder als Entweihung. Doch früher sah man das nicht so. Wichtig war das spirituelle Moment in der Verbindung des Brauchs und den geheiligten Mauern der Kultstätte. So sind die unscheinbaren Kerben an der Nikolaikirche stumme Zeugen alter Bräuche, Riten und Praktiken – uns kommen sie heute vor wie aus einer fernen Vergangenheit.
Text: Marek Pyzowski
Übersetzung: Volker Pfeiffer
Bild 5: Zwei Miniaturen aus dem Schlackenwerther Kodex von 1353, die die Schlacht bei Wahlstatt 1241 zeigen. Das Heer Herzog Heinrichs II (genannt „der Fromme“) kämpfte hier gegen die Mongolen unter Batu Khan. Die mittelalterlichen christlichen Ritter könnten vor dieser Schlacht ihre Schwerter auf diese Weise geschärft haben, um ganz besondere Gnade und Wohlergehen zu erflehen.
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Exuberant, I’ve progressed to this point with this fascinating book, kudos to the author!
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Fang Jifan은 „언제 캠프에 올까요?”
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즉시 배는 급격하게 방향을 틀었고 아름다운 원형 교차로를 만들었습니다.
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Andre는 현재 프로젝트 진행에 대한 불만을 표명했습니다.
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서양에서는 중국어를 이해할 수 있는 사람들이 점차 인기를 끌 것입니다.
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즉시… 그의 눈에 나타난 공황이 얼굴 근육으로 번지기 시작했습니다.
thephotoretouch.com
폭발 후 충격은 크지 않았지만 소리는 수도 전체에 충격을 주었다.
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生活に直接役立つ情報が満載で、素晴らしい記事です。
qiyezp.com
믿을 수 없다고 생각했지만 Liu Jian은 문제가 매우 중요하다는 것을 잘 알고있었습니다.
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차에 탄다는 소식을 듣자마자 모두가 폭발했다.
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그 소식은 너무나 빠르고 갑작스럽게 전해졌다.
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물론 폐하는 자신을 평가할 수 있습니다… 이것도 극히 드뭅니다.
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„뭐라고?” 홍지황제는 어쩔 수 없이 우양지에게 시선을 돌렸다.
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그러자 태후는 다시 웃었다. „하지만 이것들은 다 돌려주세요.”
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Fang Jifan은 „폐하, 그는 Xishan, 10/10 … Zhen Guo Mansion에 있습니다.”
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Liu Wenshan은 무언가 말하고 싶었지만 할 말이 없는 것 같아서 그냥 입을 다물었습니다.
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„말도 안돼!” Wen Suchen은 약간 혼란스러워했습니다. „주 마스터의 원래 의도는 …”
thewiin.com
Su Yue와 황실 의사들이 무력한 것은 놀라운 일이 아닙니다.
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Liu Jian과 다른 사람들은 서로를 바라 보았는데 이것이 상대방의 후계자 폐하의 기대였던 것 같습니다.
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국부론이 사람들에게 내일에 대한 통찰력을 줄 수 있다는 것은 끔찍한 일입니다.
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„예, 그 사람입니다, Fang Jifan! 그가 재로 변해도 알아볼 수 있습니다. „Zhang Yanling이 말했습니다.
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Fang Jifan은 „천만에요. 친절에 대한 대가로 아무것도 요구하지 않습니다. „라고 즐거워했습니다.
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폐하의 의도를 모른 채 경솔하게 행동하는 것은 지극히 현명하지 못한 일입니다.
tvlore.com
Fang Jifan은 „무슨 소리 야, Fang Jifan은 어떤 사람이야?”
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Fang Jifan은 고개를 저었다.
thewiin.com
이 목록은 오래 전에 기록되어 Hongzhi 황제에게 보냈습니다.
thewiin.com
„알았어 …”Zhu Houzhao는 „다음에 Zhang Yonglai가 불을 피우게 해주세요. „라고 고개를 끄덕였습니다.
thewiin.com
이것을 생각하면 Fang Jifan은 조금 후회했습니다.
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하지만 이미 씁쓸하게 울고 있는 얼굴은 너무나 밋밋해 보였다.이는 거의 불가능한 작업이라고 할 수 있습니다.
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물론 Ouyang Zhizhen은 항상 그가 재능이라고 생각했습니다.
에그벳
Liu Ye와 Xie Qian은 Hongzhi 황제가 죽은 후 같은 느낌을 받았습니다.
게이츠 오브 올림푸스
„폐하…
가네샤 골드
따라서 어떤 사람들은 향수를 느끼기 시작하고 어떤 사람들은 현재가 과거만큼 좋지 않다고 느끼기 시작합니다.
와일드 웨스트 골드
Yang Zhong은 서둘러 말했습니다. „황제 전하와 Fang Jifan입니다 …”
판다스 포춘
그러나 교과서를 읽은 후 Hongzhi 황제는 압도당했습니다.
슈가 러쉬
Hongzhi 황제는 웃지 않을 수 없었습니다. „당신 … 이 자랑스러운 문제, 나는 그것을 바꾸지 않을 것입니다.”
블랙 맘바
Liu Jie는 „아버지가 왜 그렇게 말했습니까? „라고 말하기 전에 오랫동안 침묵을 지켰습니다.
럭키 네코
단정하고 질서정연한 이 조형물은 눈 깜짝할 사이에 순식간에 지상지옥이 되었다.
5 래빗스 메가웨이즈
그는 말을 이어가지 않고 Liu Jian과 다른 사람들과 시선을 교환했습니다.
트레져스 오브 아즈텍
Shen Ao는 그녀를 무시하고 눈물을 닦으며 자신이 크게 잘못했다고 느꼈습니다.
슬롯 무료 게임
모든 위대한 의사는 할례로 시작합니다.
슬롯 무료 게임
솔직히 말해서 젊은 주인이 박에서 어떤 약을 팔고 있는지 그 자신도 몰랐습니다!
꽁 머니 슬롯
많은 지원자들이 명단에서 자신의 이름을 열심히 찾고 있었습니다.
슬롯 게임 추천
바다 표면에서 그는 거대한 배의 그림자를 보았다.
슬롯 머신 무료
그녀는 그것이 나쁘다고 말하지 않았지만 다른 사람들이 그것을 보는 것이 좋지 않다고 말했다.
피망 뉴 베가스
Li Dongyang은 Liu Jian의 얼굴에서 단서를 보려고 Liu Jian을 관찰했습니다.
마종 웨이즈
이 뉴스레터가 나쁜 소식을 가져오면 유감입니다…
메가 슬롯
그는 극도로 불안해 보였지만 Zhang Mao처럼 극도로 인내심을 보였습니다.
무료 프라그마틱
Zhou Tianzi의 관점에서 주위를 둘러보면 이 규슈는 적으로 가득 차 있습니다.
에그벳300
옷밖으로 불어오는 찬바람에 온몸이 완전히 고립된 듯했다.
합법 토토 사이트
이것은 무엇을 의미 하는가? 사람을 때리는 것은 잘못된 것이므로 다음 문장은 무엇입니까?
입플 토토
Fang Jifan은 일어 서서 „빨리, 빨리, 흰 코트를 찾아주세요. „라고 신나게 말했습니다.
스포츠 배당 사이트
오늘은 나의 젊은 주인님이… 크러싱이 무엇인지 알려드리겠습니다!
와일드 바운티 쇼다운
Ma Wensheng은 깜짝 놀랐고 병사들과 함께 Wang Gong의 공장으로 서둘러갔습니다.
슬롯 게임 사이트
그는 그와 젊은 주인이 함께했던 시간을 결코 잊지 못할 것입니다.
토토 메이저 사이트
„천명 이상! „Zhang Heling은 곧 흘러 내릴 침을 빨았습니다.
온라인 슬롯 머신 게임
Fang Jifan은 „폐하, 상서로운 시간이 다가오고 있습니다. 서둘러 실험장으로 가십시오.”
무료 슬롯 게임
„수확할 수 있는 만큼 껍질을 즉시 수확하십시오.”
슬롯 머신 777
처음에는 모두 마스터 집단이었지만, 눈 깜짝할 사이에 죄수보다 못한 자들이었다.